History of Indian National Congress

History of Indian National Congress INTRODUCTION Development of the Indian economy through Labour legislations: an examination on how the Indian National Congress developed Indian economy by Labour legislations. This proposal outlines the research I intend to undertake to complete the requirements of LLM. INTRODUCTION History of Indian National Congress Party:- Before discussing about the economic developments brought by legislations of Indian National Congress Party in India, there should be a fair idea about Indian National Congress Party. The foundation of The Indian National Congress was laid on 28th December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay with only 72 delegates attending the event. Allan Octavian Hume a prominent Englishman and civil servant then in India assumed office as general secretary and Womesh Chandra banerjee of Calcutta was elected president. Two other British members (both Scottish civil servants )were members of the founding group. Primarily The Indian National Congress aimed at inculcating a feeling of National unity and eradicating differences arising out of race, creed and provisional prejudices. Moreover finding solution to the social problems of the country and seek the co-operation of all Indians in this doing and allow all to take part in the countrys administrative affairs. Then at the beginning The Indian National Congress Party had a dominance of prominent Hindu leaders which led to a negative notion amongst the prominent Muslim citizens of the country. Moreover the ordinary population of India was not at all concerned about the organization. Any issue addressed, may it be the social oppression or the prejudiced negligence of the peoples concerns by British Authority, lack of health care and poverty, was not heard and The Indian National Congress Party was perceived as an institution of then educated and wealthy people. But it did not take Congress long to gain popularity. The members of The Indian National Congress understood the need to have a voice in the ruling British Government without which no changes can be brought about by the party. Among the very early members who understood the need and embraced the idea of Swaraj were Lokmanya tilak and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. There was an emergent need of voice in the government and this nationalist sentiment of being a part and representing the government bodies was personified by a prominent member Dadabhai Naoroji who successfully contested an election to the British House of Commons, thus becoming the eldest Indian statesman. He was aided in this election campaign by aspiring young students of India like Muhammad Ali Jinnah who later became the first prime minister of Pakistan. The Indian national Congress played the most important role under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the liberation of India from the British rule. The Indian National Congres s acted as the main platform for the National Freedom Struggle, beard the torch for secular politics and unified the divergent forces in the country. The Indian National Congress also laid the foundation for national parliamentary democracy. On 15th August, 1947 India became independent with the Indian National Congress Supreme at center and in all state legislatures. Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of India who described independence for the country to be freedom for her people. India under his leadership eventually emerged as the exemplar for all humanity with unity based on the celebration of diversity. From the very beginning of its independent existence, Indian government was reeling with poverty problem, rising unorganized labour sectors, rural illiteracy, extreme lack of infrastructure and basic amenities. While the main organized force behind making the Indian National Congress successful was the working class, distinctly. The historic dimensions of labour and employee legislations date back to the times of Indian freedom movement, when the Indian National Congress focused on the poor state of the labour class under the British rule. The struggle for freedom of India was mainly supported b y civil disobedience which meant that no worker would work inflicting loss to the British Government. Background of labour legislation by the Indian National Congress in India After Independence, naturally, the labouring class of India kept high hopes from the Indian National Congress and wanted much preference. But the early prime ministers of India representing the Indian National Congress were unable to recognize this fact which led to rise to unpopularity among them. When Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister of India from the Indian National Congress, she recognized the issue and galvanized the party with a slogan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Garibi Hataoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This established an integral and dynamic link with the downtrodden, poorest of the poor and the underprivileged giving impetus to economic growth, social justice and combined industrialization with technological development, agriculture and self reliance. This era can be marked in the history of the India by significant labour legislations to cope up with the growing industrialization in the country. The primary employee of an industry is its labour force. The labour force in India migrated from the rural areas to the urban areas and was classified as arrogant, illiterate, uncontrollable, undisciplined, untrained and unskilled; this assessment was made on the organized labour which constituted only 8% of the countrys total labour force. The rest fell under the category of unorganized sector who were not totally taken care of. The then Indian employee legislation, oriented to the safeguarding of employees and protecting them against all exploitation. These government controlled legislation were bannered under labour commissioners, labour officer conciliation, inspectorates, enforcement officers and others. The Indian National Congress also aimed by these legislations to the grooming of employees by industrial training. On the contrary, it was natural on the part of the Indian employer to extend his arms towards maximum profits, who invested money, in setting up and running an organization, through their own sources or by joint venture or by loans from different financial institution. This resulted in the exploitation of human resource and reduced quality of production under the wrong notion of more production at low cost. Simultaneously, the employers were surrounded by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Yes Sirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? officers who were unable to give proper advice when a crisis emerged. All the managers namely labour, personal or the human resource managers were ill-equipped to achieve industrial harmony and peace or industrial democracy. The executives thus needed urgent training in labour legislations, sociology, psychology etc. The trade unions, a necessary evil, stood as a headache for the gove rnment. The trade union movement dates back to the pre independent era in India and is still a ripe and proper source for the working class to get themselves heard by the authorities and government. The Indian National Congress tried its level best to codify the labour laws. To guarantee protection and social security to the labouring class the Indian National Congress led government enacted several labour laws, such as:- The Factories Act of 1948 The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 The Minimum Wages Act. The Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 The Payment of Bonus Act,1965 The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1962 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 Each and every Act above listed had specific purposes. THE NEED AND PURPOSE OF THE WORK Though the reformatory labour legislations by the Indian National Congress have brought forward economic boom in India. The main purpose of it was to secure the interests and well being of the labour class and encourage more people to work in industries hence promoting speedy industrialization of the nation. Over the years, the main agenda and purpose behind those legislations have lost their significance. The labour legislations have significantly shown parallel dimensions, one detrimental another betterment and advancement of lives of the working class along with the socio-economic condition of the country respectively. A review on Indian labour laws consisting rights of labours is urgently needed, particularly keeping in mind the growth of industry and services. The most important issues which were identified over the years in the area of labour reforms are multiple and parallel labour legislations, issues relating to appropriate government and jurisdictions, multiplicity of authorities, lack of uniformity in definition, minimum wages and malicious inspection reports. There also are some loopholes in legislations on recently evolved industry times like the SEZs. In the recent years it has been witnessed that the ruling government i.e. the Indian National Congress party is losing its tracks of labour welfare and drifting towards globalization of the economy, whilst the working class is getting exploited as new scopes of legislations are evolving which have less or no governing labour legislations to facilitate them. This work will investigate the problems encountered by the different sectors of the labouring class, the discrepancies in labour legislations and try to find solution to the emerging problems and loop holes in the legislations. This research will provide a rigorous analysis of the available academic literature, government commission reports and legal reviews combined with primary research into the ways the legal legislations in India brought forward national economic growth and how can this growth be made sustainable by correcting the flaws and loopholes in the legislation of labour laws, making them at par with the present boom in economy and national industrial growth. AIM à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a critical evaluation on the development of Indian economy through labour legislations by the Indian National Congress party.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? OBJECTIVES A critical investigation on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party. A critical analysis of the impact of the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations on the Indian economy. Present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations. LITERATURE REVIEW à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A nation may do without its millionaires and without its capitalists, but a nation can never do without its labourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- (Mahatma Gandhi) India is a federal republic. Constitutionally she is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sovereign secular democratic republicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the eighteenth century, while under British rule, India was not only a great agricultural country but also a great manufacturing country too. The looms supplied by India fed the European and Asian countries. But the British Government as a matter of policy discouraged the Indian manufacturers to encourage the rising manufacturers of England. The British oppression led to the rise and growth of the Indian Nationalism with the Indian National Congress party in the forefront. The urge of economic reforms and industrialization was evident in India from that very era. Eventually planned industrialization became Indias main goal for economic development. After gaining independence the ruling Indian National Congress party immediately understood the need of industrialization to strengthen the economy and bring overall national development. The newly elected to power I ndian National Congress party then knew its need to protect, promote and safeguard the interests of the labour and working class to serve both its political purpose and to uphold the countrys economy. In India there have been a number of labour legislations till date for the purpose of promoting the interests of labour keeping in view the industrial development and growth national economy. Before independence, India hardly had any labour welfare schemes. Soon after independence, the government adopted the industrial truce resolution in December 1947. Following this several legislations were enacted like Factories Act 1948, Employees State Insurance Act 1948, The payment of Bonus Act 1965 and Minimum Wages Act 1948. RESEARCH SCOPE There is a sea of academic literature on Indian labour legislations and enactments by the Indian National Congress party, so it is especially necessary to ensure that the literature review remains focused on the research objectives. I have trawled academic search engines fairly well for this proposal, but will need to continue this to ensure the pool of academic papers and books available to me is comprehensive. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will follow interpretive and positive research philosophy, a deductive research approach along with a qualitative research strategy. Why a positive and interpretive research philosophy? The research philosophy adopted for a piece of primary research under pins the way that research is carried out by defining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the way [the researcher] think about the development of knowledge (Saunders et al 2003). Here a positive and the interpretive research philosophy can be applied because the labour legislations done by Indian national congress have had a positive effect on the growth of the Indian economy as a whole. This philosophy can be understood by reviewing the history of Indian national politics, its policies and the enactment of specific labour laws facilitating healthy industrial growth by promotion of labour welfare policies along with safe guarding employer interests. WHY A DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH? There is increasing research available on the success and failures of Indian labour legislations, the contributions of the Indian National congress party to the development and upliftment of Indian socio economic standards, labour laws facilitating healthy industrialization and industrial policies etc. While the objectives of this research proposal are clear:- A critical investigation on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party, A critical analysis of the impact of the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations on the Indian economy, Present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations. This would suggest a deductive approach to the research although, as with the research philosophy, a pure approach of either a wholly inductive or wholly deductive approach is unlikely. So overall, this research will generally follow a deductive app roach, with some of the ingredients of induction. WHY A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STRATEGY? This research will be underpinned by a series of structured interviews with academic persons, leading labour lawyers, sociologists and if possible member politicians of the Indian National Congress Party. A quantitative approach is not being taken as the type of research questions and the time available for the research would suggest that a small number of in-depth interviews are likely to provide sufficient information to the insight of the issue. RESEARCH METHODS Secondary research Critical examination of the existing academic literature will be an important element of the dissertation and will help in the formulation of questions to ask in the primary research. In essence, I will research and critically analyze published literature on labour legislation in the pre and post independence era of India, Indian national Congress partys popularity and growth due to labour support, the Indian national Congress partys attempts to organize the work force in the nation through labour legislation, positive effects on the Indian economy due to good and timely labour and industrial law enactments. Efforts will also be made to identify the problems in labour legislations with the attempt to underline the loop holes in the laws enacted. Finally the review will consider literature which identifies the qualities of a good evaluation checklist. Primary research The Primary research will in the first instance compare the existing labour laws in India with the industrial growth. Attempts will also be taken to compare the political success of the Indian National Congress relating to the legislations it brought forward. A comparative study on the legislations of labour policies and economic boom in India will also be done. Approaches will then be made to potential interviewees from the following groups :- Academic personalities A few leading labour lawyers Sociologists And possibly a handful of member politicians of the Indian National Congress Party A structured questionnaire for use in interviewing the above will be drafted for comment from my dissertation supervisor, Interviews will then be arranged and carried out using a structured interview approach to determine views on (a) on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party (b) on the impact of the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations on the Indian economy. (c) on the present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations. Based on the above research produce conclusions, recommendations and a discussion paper for outlining the further labour legislations scopes in less legislated labour issues in India. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS Firstly, I do not intend to interview many sociologists and member politicians of the Indian Nation Congress party. This is due to the reason that this group of men are not easily accessible and the data that can be extracted from the politicians will be inadequate as they were not in activity in the past years of pre independence to immediate post independence era. Secondly, the time available to me for completion of this research will be a factor. I would get only 3 days a week to concentrate on my research work as a whole. Third of all there should be great difficulty to gain access to the sources interviewed as all of them have busy schedules and facilitating me with an appointment to answer my questionnaire will be difficult and problematic for them.

Men in the play Essay

â€Å"Cleopatra is always at a significant disadvantage as a woman in a male-dominated world.† What in your opinion are the strengths and weaknesses that the Queen shows as she deals with the men in the play?  Unanimously renowned as the â€Å"harlot queen† [Stanley, 2001] and as a â€Å"lascivious courtesan† [Stanley, 2001], the mercurial Egyptian Queen is anachronistically portrayed by Shakespeare in a more sympathetic attitude than his contemporaries who had diluted her character into an object of carnality. Ostentatiously dissimilar from the female visions of constancy and chastity presented by Octavia and Fulvia, the â€Å"mature and sexual woman† is celebrated for her compassionate love which offers â€Å"the most profound vision of human constancy† [French, 1982] in the patriarchal power struggle between the three Roman triumvirs. Cleopatra, renowned for her physical beauty is shown to have an alluring effect on the men that surround her, often exploiting her appearance to ensnare powerful men to do her bidding. Te extent to her aesthetic manipulation is revealed in the lavish descriptions of her when she first met Antony, who instantaneously seemed to have fallen victim to her charms. The first encounter of the matriarch and her lover, as narrated by Enobarbus, displays the pomp and extravagance of the Queen, the grandeur of which seems to captivate the narrator himself and his Roman colleagues. The â€Å"burnish’d throne† on which she sailed displayed her regality, combining visions of â€Å"gold† and â€Å"purple† when juxtaposed with her beauty which even â€Å"age cannot wither† seemed to present her in a god-like manner that rivals the beauty of Venus. Such hyperbolic descriptions seems to justify the immediate infatuation of Antony and the extent to her physical manipulation, intended or otherwise is seen when the triumvir who is presented in the likeness of Mars and whose power was like â€Å"rattling thunder† is inevitably turned into that of a â€Å"doating mallard†. It is the fall of the General from a position of infinite power to that of a helpless boy that is repeatedly mourned in the play by Romans but also reveals the seductive prowess of Cleopatra whose presence is deemed to be â€Å"the triumph of the voluptuous† [Hazlitt, 1817]. The transformation into a â€Å"strumpet’s fool† is clearly visible in the case of Antony who willingly abandons his duties in Rome, the underlying essence of his role and power. The audience is made visible of Antony’s ensnarement into the â€Å"Egyptian fetters† which he realises he must break if he wants to ever return with honour into the presence of the other triumvirs. It is not only her ability to form unbreakable shackles around her victims but also the consequent emasculation of Antony and her former lover – Julius Caesar as revealed when she gets them to â€Å"lay [their sword] to bed† – the sword being the dominant weapon of choice and phallic symbol of the powerful men’s manliness. Simultaneously assuming the role of a metaphorical embodiment of Venus, dressed in â€Å"cloth-of-gold† but also the personification of her beloved Egypt, she is shown to be an inherently sexual character, unmatched in regality and lustre. Shadowed in political knowledge and militaristic power by the â€Å"triple pillar[s]† of Rome, Cleopatra employs her seductive beauty, enhanced by her ability to wield emotional power to ensure her continued survival. It is often suspected that despite her â€Å"infinite variety† and oscillating moods, her actions always contain a â€Å"deliberate logic† [Danby, 1952]. Her uncanny strength in mentally manipulating Antony is clearly visible in the opening scenes of the play, at the arrival of the messengers at which she suggests that Antony hear them, despite his rejection of them.

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What Does It Mean to Be Well Educated - 1525 Words

Getting an A Doesnt Mean I am Well Educated Abstract Whether or not a person is well educated is not an easy question to answer. There are several things to consider when answering this question. Some people look to their grades, level of completion, or what school they attended. Others look at their ability to interact with others in society and consider issues such as philosophy, politics or religion. While these are all common criteria for measuring ones education, a person ought not to ever stop learning. The mark of a well educated person is their ability to apply what they know to learn the things they do not know. When I was in high school I was regarded by my family and teachers as a bright student. My mom†¦show more content†¦I would not be considered a well educated person by any standard or criteria. I had not gone to a good school, I had not earned any degree, nor could I carry on a conversation about the latest political event or discuss the works of Chaucer or Shakespeare. At what point in ones life does someone become well educated? Is it after they graduate from grad school or earn their doctorate? Is it when they land a job in a large corporation or get elected to political office? These things are no doubt within the reach of an educated person but they do not justify a person as well educated. When writing about his wife Kohn implies that a person can be brilliant in an area and have a ton of schooling from the best schools but lack the basic skill of multiplication (2003, para. 2). A person never stops learning, and there is not a person on the earth that has atta ined all that can be attained. If you compare a person who graduated at the top of their class at the Harvard Medical School and a person who graduates at the top of their class from the MIT School of Engineering, who is the more well educated? I guess if you asked them to explain how to take apart the engine of a 1964 Mustang and put it back together again they might both seem dumb to the subject. Does this mean that they are not well educated? Of course not, it just shows that a persons degree or where they went to school does not make them wellShow MoreRelatedWhat Does It Mean to Be Well Educated878 Words   |  4 Pageson social, political and economic factors that often go beyond the local context. In the light of above it become more complex to define the contextual meaning of â€Å"Well educated† The product coming out from our schools, colleges and universities are placed correctly under the category of â€Å"well informed† rather than â€Å"well educated.† Alfie Kohn is one of my favourite writers. He is leading , insightful and sometimes controversial force in working to improve our education system. He has writtenRead MoreWhat Does It Mean to Be Well Educated Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesGregorio Roblesvelez Prof. Hartless English101 04 April 2013 What Does It Mean to Be Well Educated? What does it mean to be well educated? To be well educated it is a balance between academics and practical knowledge. Throughout this paper I will show that one does not necessarily need a college degree to be deemed as well educated. I will explore both aspects of academics and practical knowledge and how it affects individuals. Practical knowledge is the knowledge that we acquire as smallRead MoreWhat Does It Mean You Be Well Educated?1002 Words   |  5 Pages What Does It Mean to Be Well-Educated? Lucy A. Grullon Liberty University. APA style Introduction Learning doctrines play a vital role in today’s competitive business industry especially in the rouse of new ways to form and conduct companies. Education is more than to learn or memorize files, even though commonly confused as such. Education you simply have it or not. I believe that be educated means that you have the skill to think analytically, and to accept and reconnoiter differentRead MoreEssay about What Does It Mean to Be Well Educated?800 Words   |  4 PagesTo opinionate or to be opinionated as defined by Webster means to have an unduly adhering to ones own opinion or to preconceived notions. In â€Å"laymen’s termsâ€Å" basically it is to strongly stick to one’s own point of view. If education is so vast than how can someone be â€Å"well† at it? ~Kohn reveals that his wife who is a physician is hesitant at times reciting multiplication. This does not mean she is uneducated when indeed she may be responsible for saving someone’s life. Yet because she cannot teachRead MoreWhat Does It Mean You Be Well Educated By Alfie Kohn Essay2188 Words   |  9 Pages In his essay â€Å"What Does It Mean To Be Well-Educated,† Alfie Kohn challenges the current standards that people consider crucial in order for a person to be considered well-educated and explores some interesting questions that help provide the reader with a completely different understanding, perspective, and possibility for standards of good education. At the beginning, Kohn explains how people can argue about the purpose of education, but then fail to realize and recognize whether or not educationRead MoreAn Analysis Of Alfie Kohn s What Does It Mean You Be Well Educated Essay2253 Words   |  10 Pages Journal 4 passive In his essay â€Å"What Does It Mean To Be Well-Educated,† Alfie Kohn challenges the current standards that people consider crucial in order for a person to be considered well-educated and explores some interesting questions that help provide the reader with a completely different understanding of education. At the beginning, Kohn explains how people can argue about the purpose of education, but then fail to realize and recognizeRead MoreTo Be or Not to Be Well Educated1114 Words   |  5 PagesENG 101-D23 LUO Professor Desiree B. Sholes 11/12/2012 To be or not to be well-educated: A Narrative Response to Alfie Kohn’s â€Å"What does it mean to be well-educated?† To be or not to be well-educated: A Narrative Response to Alfie Kohn’s â€Å"What does it mean to be well-educated?† Alfie Kohn’s essay â€Å"What does it mean to be well-educated?† begins on a personal note using his wife as an example to substantiate his hypothesis. Encountering Alisa at the very beginningRead MoreIs It A Standardized Test?1191 Words   |  5 Pagesto decide what it means to be well educated? Does the phrase well educated refer to the quality of schooling you received or to something about you? Who gets to decide what it means? Is it a standardized test? Is it our test scores or memorization of facts? How much or how well we can remember at a given point in time? How much knowledge we ought to have? What could it possibly be? I think this society has given â€Å"Well Educated a poor definition. Sitting in a class for a long time does not make usRead MoreThesis : I Had A Hard Time Picking915 Words   |  4 Pagesdecided on â€Å"What Does It Means To Be Well-Educated† by Alfie Kohn. I do think that I’m well educated even though I didn’t learn anything from the school district that I was enrolled in I always said to myself that I wouldn’t want my children to have to go through the things I had to go through. How I became aware of things or learn things was because I do a lot of research and ask questions so I can find out more about what I need and wanted to know. What I think about the term â€Å"what does it mean to beRead MoreSkills Of A Well Educated Person880 Words   |  4 Pages Skills of a Well-Educated Person Even though a well-educated person is thought of as one who has extensive college education and attend the finest schools, a well-educated person can also be one who is educated with hands-on experience without a college degree. When referring to a person as well-educated it usually has to do more with formal education than informal education. When someone is describing a person as well-educated, consideration for both formal and informal types of education should